This article is the after the write. But has not written owes, owes about 1 years. It was finally determined to have it finished a few days.
b expansion of commodity output seems to be the inevitability of Marx wrote Capital
Doctrine and war with the expansionist nature of capitalism means that the expansion and so on. Now in my own understanding to explain why this is so.
must first talk about the expansion of the capitalist spirit.
In fact, the expansion Spirit is not just all of a capitalist society, but human beings since ancient times a kind of natural selection by survival instinct. in terms of productivity and technology level that can allow in, with more material wealth and human, the chances of surviving more. So in the end people are usually more or less survive a little expansion of the spirit, which is not satisfied with the status quo, the instinct of the pursuit of more material wealth. In a capitalist industrial society in the same way. capital more abundant, the survival chance greater; otherwise easily be eliminated by market competition. riding a boat behind. so that only those with a strong entrepreneurial spirit of the people and businesses expand to survive. These companies and capitalists are not satisfied with the scale of existing capital They will do everything possible to increase their capital. Therefore, they will not be satisfied with simple reproduction, and will do everything possible to expand production.
second to talk about capitalism, the two major departments of social production. < br> This so-called capitalist society is the main component of two large classes. capitalists and workers. The former money, which has labor. The former money, the latter efforts, the social production.
products can be divided society for the two major categories. The first category is the means of production. the second category is subsistence. If you want social production to be sustained, you must first category of production materials sufficient to meet the first and second category category reproduction requirements; the second category of products sufficient for all the capitalists and workers spending. If two points are exactly satisfied, the so-called simple reproduction.
the expansion of capitalist society, but the spirit of the capitalists to do everything possible expanded reproduction, and not just be satisfied with simple reproduction. In order to expand production, it is necessary to increase the residual value to reduce costs. So capitalists wages should be as low as possible. This leads to a contradiction: if wages are too high, the high cost of capitalists residual value of less; if wages are too low, it can not afford the products, the capitalists can not sell products into the capital (this is the first economic crisis in capitalist society a source).
This is capitalism an inherent contradiction: wages and purchase of products is basically the same group of people, that is, workers. but why they occupy the vast majority of the number of workers, are the main consumers, the final product into two major categories of capital hope. If they generally can not afford something, there will be a serious overproduction. but if you let them high wages to the point where all products can be bought, it means that the capitalists can not be capital accumulation, because the costs have to spend all the existing on the scale of production, there is no spare cash to purchase new equipment or hire more workers plant and so the. (looks like this model can be used to prove, that if the wage is just high enough to make the capitalist transformation of all products into money, the bourgeoisie did not happen to any spare cash left to expand production of any size mm provided that the whole community to wage labor capitalist production relations of production. I tried two years ago, more complex, but it does prove. really do not would like to repeat, not write)
this paradox has a simple solution: expand production, excess products to sell to the outside of the system to replace the money. This can not only keep the low-wage domestic workers , then worry no one to buy the extra product. Then the output of goods has become a feature of capitalism. If blocked export of commodities, the capitalist state will have to resort to the means of war.
So after all, capitalism does inherently expansionist. However, this expansion is also just an expression of the human form of the expansion just instinct.
b expansion of the necessity of the export of capital, the colonial transformation of the reasons for the colonial scramble
capitalist economic system, workers sell their labor, for wages. pay the price of labor. the price of labor, in turn, determines the required reproduction of labor power. Ricardo illustrate a very simple reason of early capitalism, the situation changes in wages: if wages rise, the living conditions of workers do better in the number of workers will increase; increase in the number of workers, the labor supply increased, the labor prices will fall, that is, wages will fall. so wages are always at a certain point (ie enough to subsistence level) near the upper and lower Department fluctuations. (Of course, we know that the point itself is not always enough to make ends meet just the figures. It may also be carried out with the social and cultural conditions change.)
Thus, in a capitalist society, the wages must be at least high enough to allow the reproduction of their own labor force. But in some places, but you can pay less than this level. that is not produced in the developed capitalist areas.
why the local labor force can be as low wage labor itself below the level of reproduction, because the local labor is not authentic proletariat. proletariat, they may engage in other non-workers after work capitalist living. For example, a worker in Africa, apart from wage income, the own there is a private plot farming. So, even though not enough to make him a living wage, he would not really care, because he can also get additional income on private plots. The family plot is not the need to stare at people every day. busy dry season, he needs to come down to earth live, but he can slack time into the open white factory work. This compared with the original, he had no income in the slack season also has an income, total income has actually increased. so he would be happy to accept such a wage Although the low point but the situation better than nothing. (Fei Xiaotong, to explore the capital. Then the building of socialist countries on the effective use of this.)
In other words, in such places, capitalists make use of local workers, giving them wages, while the local people is capitalism national commodity export buyers. All this points to the basic operation is the local non-capitalist relations of production that the production activities. It is that private plot production activities, etc., so that local people bear their reproduction price is lower than the wages of labor, while but also as a commodity buyers. so these non-capitalist forms of production activities Vital capitalist countries where genuine.
soon, capitalists will find very cheap labor, but also sell products. In order to further cost savings, they will be in addition to the export of capital goods output, direct investment to the local use of these cheap labor for production. This is the export of capital reflects the expansion of one of its necessity.
To further reduce costs, the capitalists of course hope that cheap labor better. So the practice of some of her milk was used. capitalist countries to use force to destroy the regime of non-capitalist areas, to incorporate it into their colony, and forced local people to the capitalist countries need production. Belgium forced local mining in the Congo rubber (foot were cut off. The team of workers in order to prove the white foreman who had qualified, they brought to their superior cut off the whole basket to the basket the whole hand. the local hot and humid, in order to save the hand, sometimes with smoke look. since the pernicious influence of opium poppy in Afghanistan and the Golden Triangle, the pattern is like the first colonists in the UK driven by the formation of force.
This will create a capitalist countries, fatal consequences, it is non-capitalist forms of production activities less and less. and this is a capitalist country would have to maintain its capitalist form of production of the necessary conditions. But in the capitalist countries has just begun when the colonization is difficult to realize this. because there are vast land No development, large areas are potential colonization sites. a place of non-capitalist production has decreased, but the opening will be able to make up for the new colony returned mm In fact, it may not yet aware of the colonists, which has resulted in a cycle: that the local low-wage regions mm mm satisfied the colonial cash crops such as forced colonial colonial mm mm non-colonial capitalism to reduce the purchasing power of wage increases and the potential decline in mm to find a new colony. it must be infinitely loop expansion. This is export of capital reflects the necessity of expansion. carved up the world can not continue until the time of expansion, the settlers were puzzled to find themselves only a problem not solved, because the colonial people still can not afford their products. If the Dutch government to Later, investigations were conducted and actually In some places more than the establishment of trade positions. to the later 19th century, it produced a wave of foreign powers carved up the world. This is because some first places on the planet, accounting are accounted for, but to, and the output is just merchandise, sell to not sell it ? to the later, the export of capital into the mainstream. At the same time have the ability and the desire to expand out more and more capitalist countries. all the capitalist countries in order to keep their own interests, have their own exclusive rights in certain regions determined . the movie to talk about? listen Omura say this, the U.S. representative of soft down. That is why the capitalist countries have to crush delineate spheres of influence was the reason why. Just make sure a piece of place in my colony, ruled by me. So raw materials they sold us when you can not bargain to a large village. In addition, strict control of the colonies, but also ensure that the colony has produced what he needs, but also to ensure that the colony can not be in school exchanges with other countries to technology to become sovereign country's trade competitors.
b colonial and post-colonial poverty, why why rapid independent colonies after the colonial
on why often become far more sovereign state of poverty. here comes to an average profit margin of the problem.
many industries in the community. If an industry technical conditions at the time compared to make money, that is, the high rate of surplus value, such as input costs 100 yuan to 150 yuan output value of the product, the other an industry less profitable, investment costs 100 yuan output value of only 120 yuan of products, not so much. In this way, the former will become an industry more products, product prices will fall. then the product will become an industry shortage, prices rise. As a result there will be engaged in before the original people to engage in a trade after a trade. This oscillation, the two sectors will be equal to the amount of investment and the formation of an identical margin, the average profit margin. the average profit margin of 20% and the inevitable 50%. If you only consider these two sectors, then the average profit margin to be 35%.
The result is: The first industry investment in 100, obtained after the final production and sales of 135 million; the second industry is also true . but in fact the first products of an industry value of 150 yuan, but because the price is lower than the value, so the final sales over into the currency of only 135 yuan, 15 yuan is equivalent to a loss of value. Similarly, the second industry is in vain to get the 15. This creates a more difficult to understand but the phenomenon does exist: in a flow of capital and technology level to a relatively stable region, the higher the cost that the industry will have more space gloves in fact White Wolf of profit opportunities; and low cost, high yield sector, will be under the influence of the average profit margin in vain to the value produced by their own hand over the high cost of the industry.
sovereign power in the relationship between colonial and , usually in that first colony to the status of the industry. because of cheaper labor colonies (due to large-scale non-capitalist mode of production and production activities exists), wages can be below the basic level of reproduction of labor required to make in the colony capitalist production costs become very low. and in the sovereign state, labor costs have to be much more expensive, the cost will be higher. The result is the same amount of labor, fewer colonies are always only the value of honor. colony is always the amount of labor in exchange for using more less the sovereign state the amount of labor. This is the sovereign state of an important aspect of colonial exploitation. colonial labor created wealth for continuous flow of such a sovereign state, the long run, colonies are poor the inevitable.
and sovereign state will also strengthen the control of the colony, making the colony more open to the sovereign state of other countries and regions (and even the neighboring areas) has become shut up. sovereign state to change the local production of the colonial relationship, and then through the technological monopoly and deliberately cut off the colonies and other colonial powers or other links between the colonies dependent on the sovereign state can gradually run economic model. can give an example: The French call to neighboring Ivory Coast, the electrical live line must first be required to send to London, then through Paris and Abidjan, the last to call. Later in the development of air route system is still to continue with this model. visitors to fly to neighboring Chad from Niger, only the first to fly hundreds of miles, to Paris, then fly home. postal work is also copying a similar pattern. Therefore, the postal workers strike in France would make the original colonial postal paralyzed. This is the colonial legacy left behind by the modern Africa. so I do not know the first few pages. The results have to open e-book page by page search, finally found, tired hh)
then colonies in addition to products that are sovereign mm coercion to force through the promotion of cultivation or production, But in colonial Hong Kong was not so much demand for the products sold mm outside the sovereign state, could not find another seller. In addition to the sovereign state, the colony could not find other buyers import requirements of products. This is the dependency theory stated in the colonies dependent on the sovereign status of one specific performance. far-reaching implications of this model. Even in the latter half of the 20th century, after the colonies gained independence, many former colonies and the original state or maintain trade relations with the sovereign state that . because on the one hand they are difficult to change habits for years, for another, as mentioned above, the sovereign state forcibly cut off his contact, so that the colonies even after independence, it is difficult in the short term and sovereign state, the development of trade relations between the objects outside . colonies or former colonies will be difficult to get rid of the sovereign state has always been subject to exploitative situations, only lamented that is, after World War II, the former colonial countries became independent. with guns to force early years of colonial peoples to use the sword of surrender to the contrary, the sovereign state, seems to be eager to make their colonies independence, even more than the colonized people itself but also urgent. This is actually one of the reasons for colonial independence helps as soon as possible after independence and sovereign state, in fact, to maintain the original economic ties. you look closely, in fact, the sovereign state is not eager to give all of the colonies independent. Only there is a group of Parents of the original sovereign country's political elite (even if, as India, these have a certain prestige to the political elite of colonial independence would be relatively smooth. If the leaders of the national independence of colonies has a tendency to take the path of the Soviet Union, independence has become extremely difficult matter. the leadership of the Party and the Muslim League of India to independence, while France and the United States for a full 30-year battle against Ho Chi Minh Communist Indochina. The same is true in America, the British West Indies have easily given the federal national obsession Labor Party as an independent, but refused to give Guyana leftists Qidi. roots as an independent, even though he had won in parliamentary elections a majority of support. often is the case, Algerian decolonization before it hh for God's sake, and let the implementation of the decolonization of it. So why the colonial to the Soviet Union to study the possibility of such a sovereign state guard to do? next to talk about the Soviet model.
b
Soviet Union after World War I established the first socialist state (self- a), in the process of its birth, almost inadvertently found a way to make the plight of the colonial exploitation of the method out. In effect, under this approach, first the poor and weak rapid strong and prosperous Russia, thereby in all capitalist countries the world unrest. followed the tendency of the revolution as its output, all the capitalist countries from the anxiety turned into panic.
the early days of Soviet Russia, the opposition was fierce backlash at home and abroad, and At the same time their material is extremely lacking. In order to do our best for all the material forces the front, with the surplus grain collection system, with the imposition of administrative measures other than food grain farmers. In this use of violence, forced mobilization of supplies for the front of the iron fist means under the Soviet regime saved. the war was over, Lenin is ready to give up this kind of leaders felt. Stalin came to power, and vigorously enforce the implementation of collectivization of agriculture, almost wiped out all private agriculture. all the peasants into collective farms or state farms. In these farms, the farmers just like the workers in capitalist society , listen to officials of the arrangements work. In the state farms (which are often much larger than the size of collective farms), the farmers for their labor in exchange for wages. in the collective farms, the farmers are using the workload for dividends. regardless of state farms or collective farms, the harvest is in fact the state (directly turned over to the state farms, collective farms, the use of a very low price to the state). The only existing collective farms and private farmers in agriculture is left a little to allow their limited land. In this land income, and may retain their own, or you can go to the nearby market for the sale.
So in this collective agriculture, the country's farmers actually become a national distribution according to the employment of workers. their produce to be treated in accordance with the manner of surplus value. This will result in some cases this.
First, the decline in output (short term) and the state can control the output increase.
farmers into the fact that the original on the exploitation of the proletariat, the peasants lost almost all their work product. This blow to peasant labor enthusiasm is understandable. So, after the collectivization of agriculture decline is inevitable. Soviet famine occurred in 20 years, And long after the country's agricultural output value was more than before the October Revolution.
However, the collectivization of the agricultural system on the other hand there are also conducive to increasing production. peasant economy of the problem is that less land per household would result in an expensive and highly efficient production technology has been abandoned. such as a farmer, then a few acres of land on the species, let alone buy a tractor, and even the cattle are troublesome. cattle and tractors care costs more than money and energy to bring these technologies increase efficiency, So help improve the productivity of technology but was rejected (which in China after the household contract system appeared). collectivization, the ownership of small land into a big land ownership, to secure enough to adopt advanced production tools the. This is even strongly anti-communist social organ of the Kuomintang blue who practiced in the late fifties as , p. 68).
over and over wooden plow the Russian Empire, after the revolution there in a large number of tractors. tractor agriculture has simply become a symbol of the new socialist state, for other backward countries to visit the most impressive of the time things (ease because of decreased production of active negative consequences.
At the same time, facilitate the management of the country collectivization charge output has increased. As a result, a large state-controlled resources can be used to do things .
Second, the state began under the premise of the colonies in the absence of capital accumulation to achieve.
This is a no small undertaking, the Soviet model to the human civilization is an important element to add. For centuries, the use of capitalist powers is the area of non-commodity outputs of capitalism to achieve capital accumulation. how many centuries, has never been a colonial state in the absence of capital accumulation under the situation and expand. the Soviet Union was the first to do this. This gives those who are not colonial dependent countries from the former colonial status, to achieve independence and prosperity has brought great hope. By the way, this model is definitely not the eyes of Marx and socialism or communism. While on the surface is indeed a farmer, ;, no more landlords and capitalists. but in fact is replaced by the government directly to the private capitalist exploitation of it. of course, is likely to think of a situation: countries do not have colonies, where it can not be classified itself as a colony function? but has already been confirmed, according to the capitalist mode of exploitation of the colonies, then the expansion would be inevitable. limited colony can not meet the requirements of unlimited expansion of capitalism.
Third, the state can be a very fast pace of industrialization.
the first capitalist country relies on the growth of private capital; growth to a certain level of private capital to invest in large-scale industrial projects (even in the form of stock company was absorbed by capital investment to a considerable number of private capital as a precondition). such as the UK the first low-cost development of textile and other light industry. After more than rich people, some people started to invest in railways. This procedure does not apply to the 20th century have been still in the phase of the national agricultural country. First Because the world has been incorporated into the capitalist economic system within the scope of the original colonial powers had to divvy up the potential, the site has no surplus to provide capital accumulation. and secondly because when the Soviet Union just created a very serious internal and external, must be the fastest speed the formation of an independent industrial production system, even if there is an opportunity for private capital accumulation, can not wait that long.
centralized administrative means by the substantial exploitation of farmers, so that an agricultural country to a considerable accumulation of capital industrialization. national unity charge of agricultural products for export in exchange for machinery and equipment and technology. because it is highly centralized management, the Government can be useful to put money into the country the most favorable (but may not be beneficial for private capital or private capital can not afford) and to large industrial.
effect is very obvious, claim, from 1928 to 1966 per capita income increased by 20 times. West a different use of different units of measurement and the calculation of base year showing growth of only 3.5 times the number of buildings. U.S. economists concluded that Production in 1968 is only 4 times in 1890 (interval is up to 78 years), and free to use the per capita income in 1968 is 3 times of 1899, > In military technology the most significant effect. World War I, when the level of Russia's weapons powers, one of the most weak. even a serious military situation than guns, Several infantry regiments it, one third of them did not rifle! these poor guys in the storm of shrapnel film patience, waiting to pick up the fallen rifle companions. officers, then taken from the [U.S.] Stavrianos book, Wu like the baby, etc. Translation: scenarios were transplanted to the American director the Soviet Union, has been able to produce the world's fastest aircraft, tanks and the most hard most fierce fire multi-barrel rocket launchers.
Fourth, the state can capitalist system so that we can concentrate on doing big things. The theory is that highly centralized management, can be said that the militarization of the national rule. States can quickly mobilize a large number of human and material resources at the same time, built a low cost of major projects. the Soviet Union Station is an example of the Dnieper. And after the establishment of the Soviet Union, almost zero cost to complete the country's literacy. 98.5 %.that the militarization of management efficiency. Great Leap Forward a large number of small and large water conservancy projects built, has many rural areas still use. millions of farmers made significant technical experience, a considerable number of new local industries (small-scale shale oil plant, producing acid, soda, a small chemical fertilizers and pesticides)'s success, and in October 1957 to 1958 September just one year to complete a number of incredibly huge public works projects. been mobilized to the farmers dug up 58 billion cubic meters of earth and stone, equivalent to 300 the Panama Canal. It is noteworthy that David . Milton and Nancy. Milton to first-hand observation, they found that disaster emergencies .capitalist countries have made use of. it is peasant economy since ancient times been badly neglected. Some small rural infrastructure, such as small dams, small canals, in the era of planned economy when the organization is the village while the villagers built the slack (the specific editor can be found in Pan Wei The State aid, then (in fact, the Soviet Union should also be considered early in the war without declaring war because of the sudden attack and the loss of large tracts of land, large population and the military and industrial facilities), then the efficiency of post-war reconstruction is really shocked the world. not beaten a country first to solve the problem, then solve the problem does not go hungry. and then be on the other side of the building. many former colonial countries, where people can see from the Soviet Union without the aid of a colony can solve the problem of not being beaten (and that can solve the problem does not go hungry) model. World War II victory for the prestige of the Soviet Union reached a peak. A trounced by Germany during World War I, in return for the final humiliation of the unequal treaties of peace to the country in loss After a large territory (the Soviet Union was founded, originally vast territory of the Russian empire had become independent, including Finland, Poland, etc.), actually in the absence of foreign aid and the colonial situation, with just 20 years of construction so strong; that despite the war do a surprise attack early so embarrassed, and finally had been able to reverse the situation and even break the enemy capital, completely destroying the enemy regime! and the Soviet Union used the anti-capitalist ideology, but also attract those who suffer from capitalist exploitation by the former colonial insight (and should not be denied, highly centralized system is an attractive place I'm afraid). Thus, after the war, many former colonial countries after independence, adopted, or announced for construction by the Soviet model. Of course this means that there may be sever ties with the sovereign state in the economic dependency, and possibly worse mm after independence independent former colonies into a powerful industrial country, a sovereign state rivals the original.
so it is not hard to understand, since the 19th century to the present, never No such a regime like the Soviet Union, the capitalist countries has been such a strong hatred. I have never had a country like the Soviet Union, the capitalist global economy caused by such a huge threat and harm. For decades, ridicule, or pain criticize the Soviet Union speech almost all Western media is full, and ...
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